Benjamin Cummings wishes to thank the following contributors for their long hours and dedication to the Campbell Biology CD-ROM and website.
Activities developed by:
Richard Liebaert, Linn-Benton Community College
Eric Stavney, Highline Community College
Steven Roof, Fairmont State University
Brian Shmaefsky, Kingwood College
Joe Russin, Lane Community College
Steve Berg, Winona State University
David Byres, Florida Community College at Jacksonville
Robert Thornton, University of California at Davis
Jacqueline McLaughlin, Pennsylvania State University at Lehigh Valley
Activities edited by Russell Chun, Pat Burner, and John Burner
Activities and The Case Studies in the Process of Science adapted from The Biology Place for the Campbell Biology CD-ROM and website were originally developed by:
Theresa Knapp Holtzclaw, Clinton, Tennessee
Thomas Terry, University of Connecticut
Graham Kent, Smith College
Peter Russell, Reed College
Deanna Raineri, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Richard Benz, Wickliffe High School
Brad Williamson, Olathe East High School
Eugene S. Takle and Michael R. Taber, Iowa State University
John Postlethwait, University of Oregon
Carol Welsh, Long Beach City College.
Case Studies in the Process of Sciences adapted from Physio Ex for the Campbell Biology CD-ROM and website were originally developed by:
Timothy Stabler, Indiana University Northwest; and Peter Zao, North Idaho College. Programming by Cadre Design pty ltd and additional editing performed by Russell Chun.
Additional Case Studies in the Process of Sciences also developed by
Robert Thornton, University of California, Davis
Lisa Urry, Mills College
Eric Stavney, Highline Community College
Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas.
Edited by Russell Chun, Pat Burner Shana Ederer, John Burner, and Kim Johnson.
Quizzes prepared by Eugene Fenster, Longview Community College.
Reviewers were Arlene Larson, University of Colorado, Denver and Tony Baxter.
Web Links prepared by Eugene Fenster, Longview Community College.
Objectives and Word Roots written by Edward Zalisko, Blackburn College.
Summary of Key Concepts, Self Quizzes, and Essay Questions from Campbell/Reece BIOLOGY sixth edition.
Art and animation provided by Russell Chun, Bang Wong, Eric Stickney, Steve Pasos, Jony Chandra, Scott Sawyer, Peter Tsacle, Allyson Kovas, Suling Wang, Eddie Carbin, Steve McIntee, Justin Klein, and Roula Drossis.
News Links provided by Eric Simon, Fordham College at Lincoln Center
News Articles provided by the Biology Place (see individual articles for credits).
Further Readings provided by Neil Campbell and Jane Reece.
Photo and Video Credits:
Chapter 1:
Activity 1A © Nigel J. Dennis/NHPA (African savanna), Zebra © Frank Krahmer/Planet Earth Pictures (zebra).
Activity 1C 3D Double Helix animation courtesy of Quade Paul and Graham Johnson
Activity 1E graphite and diamond photos from http://mineral.galleries.com © Amethyst Galleries, Inc.
Chapter 2:
Case Study in the Process of Science: Earth photo courtesy of Chris Kitze. ©1991 Aris Entertainment, Inc.
Chapter 7:
Case Studies in the Process of Science: Photo courtesy of NASA
Aerial Photograph near Sacramento, courtesy of the University of California Museum of Paleontology and the UC Regents
Redwood and Friend photo © Jason Conner, Camponotus japonicus Mayyr, courtesy of the Japanese Ant Database
Light micrograph of a nematode, © University of California at Davis
Scanning electron micrograph of a macrophage ingesting bacteria, © James A. Sullivan
Scanning electron micrograph of a mite, Courtesy of the University of California Museum of Paleontology and the UC Regents
Transmission electron micrograph of bacterial cell, Courtesy of the University of California Museum of Paleontology and the UC Regents
Model of a Rhinovirus, © Jean-Yves Sgro, created with SRF from Michael Connolly
Model of a Hemoglobin Molecule, © Tom Terry
Model of double-helical DNA, © Paul Thiessen
Model of a hydrogen atom, © Tom Terry
Bacteriophage lambda, courtesy of Integrated Microscope Resources
Cyclops, © University of Southhampton
Picornovirus, © Professor Stewart McNulty, the Queen's University of Belfast
Ribosomes, © Wadsworth Center, New York Dept. of Health
Human blood smear, © Loren Hoffman and V.P. Winfrey, Vanderbilt Medical School
Diseased and normal neuron, © Mark Ellisman
Animal fibroblast cell, © University of Southhampton.
Chapter 12:
Activity 12A Family photo courtesy of Angela Mann
Case Studies in the Process of Science: Whitefish blastula courtesy of Graham Kent, Smith College
Video: Activity 12D Mitosis in a Newt Cell, C. L. Rieder, Wadsworth Center for Labs and Research © New York State Department of Health
Case Studies in the Process of Science: mitosis in a plant cell, C.L. Rieder, Wadsworth Center for Labs and Research © New York State Dept of Health.
Chapter 13:
Case Studies in the Process of Science: Asci micrograph courtesy of Carolina Biological Supply Company.
Chapter 14:
Case Studies in the Process of Science:
Pedigree, adapted from J.F. Gusella, et al. (1983) Nature 306: 234-238
PET scans (healthy and with Huntington's disease), Keith A. Johnson, J. Alex Becker.
Sketch of human chromosomes (ideogram) courtesy of David Adler, University of Washington, Department of Pathology.
Chapter 16:
Activity 16A: Photo of Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey, courtesy of ColdSpring Harbor Archives.
Chapter 18:
Activity 18E: Jacob & Monod photo, courtesy of Archive Photo
Case Studies in the Process of Science What Causes Infections in AIDS Patients?: Microscopic view of infected lung tissue, © Jerry Niederkorn, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
Skin lesions, Courtesy of Dr. Jaffe, University of South Carolina Medical School, Columbia, SC.
Microscopic view of skin lesions, Courtesy of Dr. Jaffe, University of South Carolina Medical School, Columbia, SC.
Case Studies in the Process of Science Why Do AIDS Rates Differ Across the U.S.? Data courtesy the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
Chapter 20:
Activity 20F: © CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Chapter 21:
Activity 21A, 21B: C. elegans video, Bob Goldstein, UNC, Chapel Hill.
Chapter 22:
Activity 22A: Grand Canyon video, USGS.
Activity 22B: courtesy of Dr. Stephen Ervin and Jim Behnke
Activity 22D: Satellite map, © 1997, Living Earth, Inc/Earth Imaging
Charles Darwin, 1840 courtesy Downe House, Downe, Kent, Great Britain/Art Resource, NY
Beagle's commemorative stamps and Keeling Islands commemorative stamps courtesy Erik Philippus
rainforest photo courtesy Dr. Stephen Mulkey
rainforest vines courtesy Marco Bleeker, Chez Marco's Botanical Website
Brazilian rainforest, Andre Tosello © Base de Dados Tropical
Vampire bat, Diana Chaytor
leaf cutter ant courtesy Faith Foundation
sloth skeleton, Wellcome Institute Library, London
guanacos courtesy Lost World Adventures
Patagonia cliff © Marcelo D. Beccaceci from Patagonia Wilderness
rhea, photo of illustration by Steven Borack, Boston
beech trees © Copyright Victory Yacht Cruises, 1988
Tierra del Fuego glacier © 1996 Wayne Bernhardson/Lonely Planet Publications
Beagle in Murray Narrow, Royal College of Surgeons, London/Art Resource, New York
Falkland Islands, coast and albatross, Ian J. Strange
fox, photo of illustration by Steven Borack, Boston
the Andes and Mount Orsono © 1995 Wayne Bernhardson/Lonely Planet Publications
Torcaza Trails. Photo by Franz Helfenstein
earthquake, Carl Frank/Photo Researchers, Inc
Darwin and Emma, University College London Library, Galton papers
Down House and sandwalk photos © 1996, The Natural History Museum, London
Darwin's study at Down House, English Heritage Photographic Library
Activity 22C, Galapogos Island video, Richard Benz.
Activity 22D: Brazil virtual tour video, Mark Segal/Panoramic Images, Chicago, 1998
Galapagos virtual tour video, Ron Sanford/Panoramic Images, Chicago, 1998.
Chapter 26:
Activity 26B: Tube worm video.
Chapter 33:
Case Studies in the Process of Science: Lacewing and cockroach photos, courtesy of the Entomology Department at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Dragonfly © Corel Photo CD
Mayfly © Scott Camazine.
Chapter 34:
Case Studies in the Process of Science: pigeon skeleton diagram
Comsognathus fossil photo © Palaeontological Museum, University of Oslo, Norway
Comsognathus illustration with permission from artist at Berislav Krzic.
Bambiraptor skeleton photo (cropped) : Terry Renna/Associated Press Copyright © 2000 Discovery Communications Inc.
Bambiraptor illustration: Picture: Pat Redman/Graves Museum of Archaeology and Natural History Copyright © 2000 Discovery Communications Inc.
Archaeopteryx fossil: University of California-Berkeley, Museum of
Paleontology
Longisquama fossil courtesy John Ruben and Terry Jones at Oregon State Universtiy
Artist's rendition of Longisquama John Rubens at the University of Oregon
Bone structure micrographs John Rensberger at the Burke Museum of Natural History, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Chapter 35:
Activity 35A: Monocot and dicot stem copyright Ed Reschke.
Case Studies in the Process of Science 35: Dicot and monocot stems courtesy of Graham Kent, Smith College.
Chapter 38:
Case Studies in the Process of Science: Pectis papposa photo copyright Wyno Anderson.
Chapter 47:
Activity 47A: Sea Urchin video. Produced by Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers Sponsored by the Society for Developmental Biology Filmed by Rachel Fink, Mount Holyoke College Seth Ruffins, Carnegie Mellon University Charles Ettensohn, Carnegie Mellon University.
Activity 47B: Frog development video. Produced by Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers Sponsored by the Society for Developmental Biology Filmed by Ray Keller, University of California, Berkeley, John Shih, University of California, Berkeley.
Chapter 51:
Activity 51A: Honeybee Waggle Dance video, Oxford Scientific Films.
Chapter 52:
Activity 52C: black and white photo, Library of Congress.
Chapter 53:
Activity 53C: all photos by Tom Bean.
Chapter 54:
Activity 54E: manure lagoon photo by Terry Morrow, Copyright © 1995 The Pennsylvania State University.
Activity 54A: cheetah video © Fabulous Footage, Inc.
Chapter 55:
Activity 55A: baobab tree from Greatest Places Online © 1999 Science Museum of Minnesota.
Activity 55B: ant bites photo by Daniel Wojcik, ARS Image Library
queen Solenopsis invicta photo by Kenneth Ross
Pseudacteon photo by L. E. Gilbert, University of Texas at Austin
decapitated fire ant photo by Sanford Porter, ARS Image Library.
The Campbell Biology Interviews Photos and Sketches by:
Mario Molina © Stella Johnson; Bruce Alberts © Linda Bartlett/Addison Wesley Longman.; Mary-Claire King © Mary Levin, University of Washington; Richard Dawkins © Kathleen Cameron/Addison Wesley Longman.; Elisabeth Vrba © Sven Martson/Addison Wesley Longman; Gloria Coruzzi © Kathleen Cameron/Addison Wesley Longman; Terence Dawson © Paul Anderton/Addison Wesley Longman.; Michael Dombeck © Linda Bartlett/Addison Wesley Longman.; Eloy Rodriguez © John Bohn; Shinya Inoué © Mary DeChirico/Benjamin/Cummings.; David Satcher © Kevin Keister/Benjamin/Cummings.; John Maynard Smith © Stuart Frawley/Benjamin/Cummings.; Edward O. Wilson © John Bohn; Adrienne Clarke © Julian Kingma/Benjamin/Cummings.; Patricia Churchland © Rocky Thies; Margaret Davis © Tom Foley/Benjamin/Cummings; Candace Pert © Annalisa Kraft; Harold Varmus and Michael Bishop © Robin Heyden; David Suzuki © Pedro Perez; Ernst Mayr © Annalisa Kraft; Stephen Jay Gould © Annalisa Kraft; Virginia Walbot © Alain McGlaughlin; Insert of Corn. Courtesy of Virginia Walbot; Karel Liem © Ron Wurzer; Ariel Lugo © Alain McGlaughlin; Stanley Miller sketches © Robin J. Williams; Charles Leblond sketches © Robin J. Williams; Microscope © Robin J. Williams; Nancy Wexler sketches © Robin J. Williams; Niles Eldredge sketches © Robin J. Williams; William Schopf sketches © Robin J. Williams; Ruth Satter sketches © Robin J. Williams; George Bartholomew sketches © Robin J. Williams; Elephant Seal sketch © Robin J. Williams; Jane Goodall sketches © Ray Pfortner; Chimpanzee sketch © Ray Pfortner; Linus Pauling © James W. Behnke; Peter and Birgit Satir sketches © Jeffrey Fox; James D Watson opener Mark Tuschman © Benjamin/Cummings; Watson sketch by Mark Tuschman © Benjamin/Cummings; Watson & interviewer sketch by Mark Tuschman © Benjamin/Cummings; Steven M. Stanley © James W. Behnke; Lynn Margulis Lynn Margulis; Margulis & interviewer sketches by Lynn Margulis; Kenneth Thimann © James W. Behnke; Albert F. Bennett and and interviewer sketches © James W. Behnke; Jane Lubchenco © James W. Behnke.
Campbell Image Presentation Library Photo Credits:
01-01a: Mike Hettwer; 01-01b: James Aronovsky/Benjamin Cummings; 01-01c: Michelle Bosch/Benjamin Cummings; 01-01d: James Aronovsky/Benjamin Cummings 01-01x: Benjamin Cummings ; 01-02a: Benjamin Cummings ; 01-02b: E.H. Newcomb/Biological Photo Service ; 01-02c: Brian Capon; 01-02d: Brian Capon; 01-02e: Photodisc; 01-02f: Carol Fuegi/CORBIS; 01-03a: John Foxx Images; 01-03ax1: Photodisc ; 01-03ax2, CORBIS ; 01-03ax3: John Heywood, Southwest Missouri State University; 01-03ax4, Brian Capon ; 01-03b: Eyewire; 01-03bx1: CORBIS; 01-03bx2, Photodisc; 01-03bx3: R.G.E. Murray, University of Western Ontario; 01-03bx4, Brian Capon ; 01-03c: Dorling Kindersley; 01-03cx1: Dorling Kindersley; 01-03cx2: ArsNatura; 01-03cx3: Brian Capon ; 01-03cx4: CORBIS ; 01-04d: CORBIS; 01-03dx1: Photodisc; 01-03dx2: Digital Vision; 01-03dx3: Photodisc; 01-03dx4: Eyewire ; 01-03e: Dorling Kindersley; 01-03f: Photodisc; 01-03g: CORBIS; 01-05: Photodisc; 01-05x: ArsNatura; 01-06a: Photodisc; 01-06b: Janice Seldon; 01-06c: from Optical Recording of the electrical activity of synaptically interacting Aplysia neurons in culture using potentiometric probes. T. D. Parsons, D. Kleinfeld, F. Raccuia-Behling, and B. M. Salzberg, Biophysical Journal, July 1989, vol. 56. Photo by Brian Salzberg, University of Pennsylvania.; 01-06d: Nicolae Simionescu ; 01-07: Photodisc; 01-09: Charles H. Phillips; 01-11a: Biological Photo Service; 01-11b: Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited ; 01-11c: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 01-11d: Photodisc; 01-11e: Eyewire; 01-11f: CORBIS ; 01-12: (a) Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (b) OMIKRON/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (c) W. L. Dentler, University of Kansas/BPS; 01-13: Mike Hewtter; 01-14: Richard Milner; 01-16: CORBIS; 01-16x: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 01-17a: Photo Researchers, Inc. ; 01-18: Mary DeChirico/Benjamin Cummings; 01-22: Strongin/NYU; 01-23a: CORBIS ; 01-23b: Photodisc ; 01-x1: David Reznick, University of California, Riverside; 02-00: Thomas Eisner and Daniel Aneshausley; 02-01: (top) CORBIS; (bottom) N. L. Max, University of California/BPS; 02-02a: Chip Clark ; 02-02b: Stephen Frisch/Benjamin Cummings; 02-02c: Stephen Frisch/Benjamin Cummings; 02-03: Brian Capon ; 02-04: Ivan Polunin/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 02-06: (a) Terraphotographics/Biological Photo Service; (b) From M. C. Ratazzi et al., Am J Human Genet 28:143-154, 1976; 02-07: Simon Fraser/Medical Physics, RVI, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 02-08: Stuart Isett/CORBIS/Sygma; 02-15a: Stephen Frisch/Benjamin Cummings ; 02-17x: Benjamin Cummings; 02-20: Runk/Schoenberger/Grant Heilman; 03-00: NASA ; 03-02a: Photodisc; 03-02b: Brian Capon; 03-02x: CORBIS; 03-03: M. I. Walker/Dorling Kindersley; 03-04: DUOMO; 03-05x1: ArsNatura; 03-06: Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures; 03-06x1: Photodisc; 03-06x2: ArsNatura; 03-10: Photodisc; 03-10x1: Photodisc; 03-10x2: ArsNatura ; 03-x1: ArsNatura ; 04-00: Pui-Shing Ho; 04-01: Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; 04-02x: Benjamin Cummings; 04-04x: Benjamin Cummings; 04-05b: Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 04-06ax: Benjamin Cummings; 04-08: Digital Vision; 04-08: Benjamin Cummings; 04-08x2: John Foxx Images; 04-08x3: Photodisc; 04-08x4: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 04-x1: Benjamin Cummings; 05-00: CORBIS ; 05-01a: Estate of Linus Pauling ; 05-03x: Benjamin Cummings; 05-05x: Benjamin Cummings; 05-06a: John N.A. Lott, McMaster University/Biological Photo Service; 05-06b: H. Shio and P. B. Lazarow; 05-07x: Benjamin Cummings; 05-09a: Photodisc; 05-09b: CORBIS; 05-11a: The American Dairy Association ; 05-11b: Lara Hartley/Benjamin Cummings; 05-12x: Peter B. Armstrong; 05-11x: Benjamin Cummings; 05-14x: Benjamin Cummings; 05-19: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; 05-19x: ArsNatura ; 05-21a: CORBIS; 05-21b: Vollrath & Edmunds, Nature 340:305-317; 05-21x: Thomas Eisner; 05-27: Marie Green, University of California, Riverside; 05-x1, Left: Dorling Kindersly. Right: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 05-x2: Photodisc; 05-x3: National Cancer Institute; 05-x4: Cold Spring Harbor Archive; 06-02: Eyewire; 06-02x1: Photodisc; 06-02x2a: Digital Vision; 06-02x2b: CORBIS ; 06-03a: Anne Dowie/Benjamin Cummings ; 06-03b: Benjamin Cummings ; 06-04: Brian Capon; 06-08x: Benjamin Cummings ; 06-14: Thomas Steitz, Yale University; 06-21: R. Rodewald, University of Virginia/Biological Photo Service; 07-00: Molecular Probes; 07-02: William L. Dentler, University of Kansas/Biological Photo Service; 07-04b: S.C. Holt, University of Texas Health Center/Biological Photo Service; 07-04x1: R.G.E. Murray, University of Western Ontario; 07-04x2: R.G.E. Murray, University of Western Ontario; 07-06a: J. David Robertson; 07-09: (top) From L. Orci and A. Perrelet, Freeze-Etch Histology. (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1975) (c) 1975 Springer-Verlag; (center) From A. C. Faberge, Cell Tiss. Res. 151 (1974):403. (c) 1974 Springer-Verlag; (bottom) U. Aebi et al. Nature 323 (1996):560-564, figure 1a. Used by permission.; 07-10b: D.W. Fawcett/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 07-11b: R. Bolender, D. Fawcett/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 07-12b: Don Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited; 07-13a: R. Rodewald, University of Virginia/Biological Photo Service ; 07-13b: Daniel S. Friend, Harvard Medical School ; 07-15: E.H. Newcomb, University of Wisconsin ; 07-17: Daniel S. Friend, Harvard Medical School ; 07-18: W.P. Wergin and E.H. Newcomb, University of Wisconsin, Madison/Biological Photo Service ; 07-19: S.E. Frederick and E.H. Newcomb, The Journal of Cell Biology 43 (1969):343 by copyright permission of The Rockefeller University Press. Provided by E.H. Newcomb ; 07-20: John E. Heuser, Washington University, St. Louis; 07-22: Kent McDonald, University of California, Berkeley; 07-23: (a) Richard Kessel/Visuals Unlimited; (b) Dennis Kunkel; 07-23x: William J. Lennarz, University of Illinois; 07-24: (a) OMIKRON/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b) W. L. Dentler, University of Kansas/Biological Photo Service; (d) W.L. Dentler, University of Kansas/Biological Photo Service ; 07-26: from Hirokawa Nobutaka, The Journal of Cell Biology 94(1982) by copyright permission of The Rockefeller University Press; 07-28: G. F. Leedale/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 07-30: (a) From Douglas J. Kelly, The Journal of Cell Biology 28 (1966):51 by copyright permission of The Rockefeller University Press; (b) From L. Orci and A. Perrelet, Freeze-Etch Histology. (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1975) (c) 1975 Springer-Verlag; (c) From C. Peracchia and A. F. Dulhunty, The Journal of Cell Biology 70 (1976):419 by copyright permission of The Rockefeller University Press; 07-31: Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, photo Lennart Nilsson/Albert Bonniers Forlag AB, The Body Victorious, Delacorte Press, Dell Publishing Co., Inc.; 07T-01: (top left) Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (top and center right, bottom left) David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; (center left) Ed Reschke; (bottom right) Noran Instruments; 07T-02: (left) Mary Osborn, Max Planck Institute; (center) Frank Solomon and J. Dinsmore, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; (right) Mark S. Ladinsky and J. Richard McIntosh, University of Colorado; 07-x1: Molecular Probes ; 07-x2: Nancy Kedersda; 07-x3: Nancy Kedersda; 07-x4: Nancy Kedersda; 08-03: Philippa Claude; 08-13: Cabisco/Visuals Unlimited; 08-13x: Dorling Kindersley ; 08-19: (a) R. N. Band and H. S. Pankratz, Michigan State University/Biological Photo Service; (b) D. W. Fawcett/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (c, both) M. M. Perry and A. B. Gilbert, J. Cell Science 39 (1979) 257. Copyright 1979 by The Company of Biologists Ltd.; 09-00: Photodisc; 09-x1: Benjamin Cummings ; 09-x2: Domaine Chandon ; 10-00: Photodisc ; 10-01a: CORBIS; 10-01b: CORBIS; 10-01c: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 10-01d: Sue Barns, Los Alamos National Laboratory ; 10-01e: Paul Johnson/Biological Photo Service; 10-02: (center) M. Eichelberger/Visuals Unlimited; (bottom) Courtesy of W. P. Wergin and E. H. Newcomb, University of Wisconsin/Biological Photo Service; 10-09x: Benjamin Cummings; 10-10: Christine Case, Skyline College; 10-19: (left) C. F. Miescke/Biological Photo Service; (right) Photodisc ; 10-x1: National Institutes of Health; 11-00: Eric Schabtach and Ira Herskowitz ; 11-02: Dale Kaiser; 11-02x: George Barron, University of Guelph; 11-12x: Benjamin Cummings; 12-00: J. M. Peters; 12-01a: Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 12-01b: C. R. Wyttenbach, University of Kansas/Biological Photo Service; 12-01c: Biophoto/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 12-02: J. M. Murray, University of Pennsylvania; 12-03: Biophoto/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 12-05: Conly Rieder; 12-05x: Benjamin Cummings ; 12-06b1: Richard McIntosh, University of Colorado; 12-06b2: Matthew Schibler; 12-08a: ArsNatura; 12-08b: B.A. Palevitz. Courtesy of E.H. Newcomb, University of Wisconsin ; 12-09: ArsNatura; 12-09x: Brian Capon; 12-15: Gunter Albrecht-Buehler, Northwestern University ; 12-15x: ArsNatura; 12-17x1: National Institute of Cancer; 12-17x2: National Institute of Cancer; 13-01: Dorling Kindersley; 13-02: The Inouye and Yaneshiro families; 13-04: (4) SIU/Visuals Unlimited; (5) CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 13-x1: William J. Lennarz, University of Illinois ; 13-x2-5: University of Washington Department of Pathology; 14-00: Bettmann Archive; 14-00x: ArsNatura; 14-09x: ArsNatura; 14-10x: Benjamin Cummings; 14-13: Photodisc; 14-14: (left) Photodisc, (right) Benjamin Cummings ; 14-15: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; 14-16: Nancy Wexler; 14-x1: Travis Amos/ArsNatura ; 14-x2: Madan K. Bhattacharyya, Iowa State University; 14-x3: Norma JubinVille ; 15-00: From Peter Lichter and David Ward, Science 247 (1990). (c)1990 American Association for the Advancement of Science; 15-00x: Ulli Wier ; 15-02: (a) Jean Claude Levy/Phototake; (b) Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake ; 15-10b: Grant Heilman/Grant Heilman Photography; 15-10x: Photodisc ; 15-12: Martin Gallardo, Universidad Austral de Chile; 15-14a: University of Washington Department of Pathology. ; 15-14b: Digital Vision; 15-16: from L. P. Hosticka and M. R. Hanson, "Induction of plastid mutations by nitrosomethylurea" Journal of Heredity 75(1984):242-246. ; 15-x1: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; 15-x2: University of Washington Department of Pathology ; 15-x3: University of Washington Department of Pathology; 16-00: Anthony Barrington Brown/National Cancer Institute ; 16-00x: Benjamin Cummings; 16-02a: Oliver Meckes/Photo Researchers Inc.; 16-02ax: Mandayam V. Parthasarathy, Cornell Integrated Microscopy Center ; 16-04a: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives ; 16-04b: UCSF Graphics; 16-05c: Richard Wagner/UCSF; 16-10b: from D. J. Burks and P. J. Stambrook, The Journal of Cell Biology 77(1978):762 by copyright permission of The Rockefeller University Press. Photos provided by P. J. Stambrook ; 16-19a: Peter Lansdorp; 17-00: Harry Noller, UC Santa Cruz, From Science Vol. 291, p. 2526; 17-05: Keith V. Wood, University of California, San Diego ; 17-16: Thomas Steitz, Yale University; 17-20b: B. Hamkalo and O.L. Miller, Jr. ; 17-22a: from O. L. Miller, Jr., B. A. Hamkalo, and C. A. Thomas, Jr., Science 169 (1970):392. Copyright (c) 1970 American Association for the Advancement of Science; 18-02a, b, d: Robley C. Williams, University of California, Berkeley/Biological Photo Service; 18-02c: John Cardamone, Jr., University of Pittsburgh/Biological Photo Service; 18-02x: ArsNatura; 18-07x1: CDC; 18-07x2: CDC; 18-08: CDC ; 18-08x: CDC; 18-09a1: Sherman Thomson/Visuals Unlimited; 18-09a2: Benjamin Cummings; 18-09b: N. Obalka, N. Yeager, R. Beachy, and C. Fauquet, The Scripps Research Institute; 18-09x: ArsNatura; 18-14: Charles Brinton, Jr.; 18-22x: Benjamin Cummings ; 18-x01: United Nations; 18-x02: CDC; 18-x03: United Nations; 18-x04: ArsNatura; 18-x05: National Archives; 18-x06: CDC; 18-x07: R. G. E. Murray, University of Western Ontario; 18-x08: R. G. E. Murray, University of Western Ontario; 19-x09: Huntington Potter, University of South Florida and David Dressler, Oxford University; 18-x10: ArsNatura; 19-00: M.B. Roth and J. Gall; 19-01: (a, top) S. C. Holt, University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio/BPS; (bottom) Courtesy of Victoria Foe; (b) Barbara Hamkalo; (c) From J. R. Paulsen and U. K. Laemmli, Cell 12 (1977):817-828; (d, top and bottom) G. F. Bahr/AFIP; 19-02a: O. L. Miller, Jr. ; 19-04: Evelyne Cudel-Epperson, MSU ; 19-12x: Friedrich Kopp, Deutsches Diabetes Forschungsinstitut; 19-x1: Ulrich Laemmli, Dept. of Molecular Biology, U. of Geneva; 19-x2: Travis Amos/ArsNatura; 19-x3: ArsNatura; 20-00: Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute; 20-09c: Repligen Corporation; 20-14b: Incyte Genomics; 20-17: Cellmark Diagnostics; 20-18: PPL Therapeutics; 20-20: Peter Berger, Institut für Biologie, Freiburg; 20-x1a: CDC ; 20-x1b: CDC ; 20-x2: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; 21-00: Walter Gehring; 21-01a: ArsNatura; 21-01b: Dorling Kindersley ; 21-03a: Tanya Wolff, University of Washington, St. Louis ; 21-03b: ArsNatura; 21-03c: Jackson Laboratory ; 21-03d: Nancy Hopkins, MIT; 21-03e: Dorling Kindersley ; 21-04: J.E. Sulston and H.R. Horvitz, Developmental Biology 56(1977):110-15. ; 21-07: Roslin Institute, Edinburgh; 21-12: (a, both) Wolfgang Driever; (b, both) Dr. Ruth Lahmann, The Whitehead Institution; 21-13: Jim Langeland, Steve Paddock, Sean Carroll, University of Wisconsin and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute; 21-14: R. F. Turner, Indiana University; 21-x1: Tanya Wolff, University of Washington, St. Louis ; 21-x2: Jackson Laboratory; 21-x3: National Cancer Institute; 21-x4: E. Lewis ; 21-x5: Walter Gehring ; 22-00: Department of Library Services, American Museum of Natural History; 22-02: Chip Clark; 22-04: CORBIS; 22-06: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside ; 22-08: Adrian Davies/Bruce Coleman, Inc; 22-10: Edward Ross; 22-11a: Erich Lessing/Art Resource; 22-11b: (1) Anne Dowie/Benjamin Cummings, (2) Dorling Kindersley; 22-12: Jack Fields/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 22-16: Kenneth Kaneshiro ; 22-17: Philip Gingerich 1991. Reprinted with permission of Discover Magazine; 22-18: ArsNatura; 22-18x: ArsNatura; 22-x1: ArsNatura; 22-x2: ArsNatura ; 22-x3: ArsNatura ; 22-x4: ArsNatura ; 22-x5: ArsNatura ; 23-00: David Hillis; 23-01: J. Antonovics/Visuals Unlimited; 23-02a: David Cavagnaro; 23-02b: NOAA National Geophysical Data Center; 23-05x: Digital Vision; 23-06: 1993 Time Magazine; 23-07: Fred Nijhout, Duke University; 23-09: (a) NASA; (b, c) Janice Britton-Davidian, ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS, Université Montpellier II. Reprinted by permission from Nature, Vol. 403, 13 January 2000, p. 158. (c) 2000 Macmillan Magazines Ltd.; (d) Dorling Kindersley; 23-14: Thomas B. Smith, San Francisco State University; 23-16x1a: Photodisc; 23-16x1b: CORBIS; 23-16x1c: CORBIS; 23-16x1d: CORBIS ; 23-16x2: CORBIS; 23-x1: John S. Heywood; 23-x2: Edmund Brodie III, University of Kentucky; 24-00: Aris; 24-02a: (a, left) John Shaw/Tom Stack & Associates; (a, right) Don & Pat Valenti/Tom Stack & Associates; 24-02b: Photodisc and Digital Stock; 24-03: Aris; 24-07: (top left) John Shaw/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (top right) Michael Fogden/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (bottom) Richard Sisk/Panoramic Images ; 24-10: Kevin Schafer ; 24-14: University of Amsterdam; 24-16: Ole Seehausen, University of Leiden ; 24-20: (a) Bob Gibbons, Ardea London Ltd.; (b) Tom McHugh, Steinhart Aquarium/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 24-21: Dorling Kindersley; 25-00: Oxford University Museum/Dorling Kindersley; 25-01a: Georg Gerster/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 25-01b: Dorling Kindersley; 25-01c: Tom Till; 25-01d: Photodisc; 25-01e: Dorling Kindersley ; 25-01f: Martin Lockley, University of Colorado; 25-01g: David A. Grimaldi. Photo by Jacklyn Beckett/The American Museum of Natural History, N.Y.; 25-01h: F. Latreille/Cerpolex/Cercles Polaires Expeditions; 25-01x1: Barbara J. Miller/Biological Photo Service ; 25-01x2: American Museum of Natural History/Dorling Kindersley; 25-03x1: USGS; 25-032x2: USGS; 25-06x: NASA ; 25-10: Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 26-00: Chip Clark NMNH, artist Peter Sawyer; 26-00x: USGS; 26-03a: S. M. Awramik, University of California/BPS; 26-03b: Sue Barns; 26-03x: J. William Schopf; 26-04a: John Stolz, University of Massachusetts ; 26-04b&c: S. M. Awramik, University of California/Biological Photo Service ; 26-04x: Canadian Geological Survey; 26-05: Theodore J. Bornhorst/Michigan Technological University; 26-06: Nicholas J. Butterfield, University of Cambridge; 26-07: Andrew H. Knoll, Harvard University; 26-09b: Pfizer Inc.; 26-10x: Photodisc; 26-12a: F.M. Menger and Kurt Gabrielson, Emory University; 26-14: George Luther, University of Delaware ; 27-00: Dr. Tony Brain and David Parker/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 27-01: Jack Dykinga; 27-03: Biological Photo Service; 27-04: Heide Schulz, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology; 27-04x1: Ester Angert, Harvard University; 27-04x2: Benjamin Cummings; 27-05: Christine Case, Skyline College; 27-05x: Benjamin Cummings; 27-06: ArsNatura; 27-07b: Julius Alder; 27-07x1: Benjamin Cummings; 27-07x2: R. G. E. Murray, University of Western Ontario; 27-07x3: Mandayam V. Parthasarathy, Cornell Integrated Microscopy Center; 27-08a: S. W. Watson ; 27-08b: N. J. Lang, University of California/ Biological Photo Service ; 27-09: John Durham/SPL/Photo Researchers Inc.; 27-09x: Benjamin Cummings; 27-10: H. S. Pankratz, T. C. Beaman/Biological Photo Service; 27-10x: Benjamin Cummings; 27-11: Sue Barns, Los Alamos National Laboratory; 27-11x1a: Sue Barns, Los Alamos National Laboratory; 27-11x1b: Fred Siegel, University of Arkansas; 27-11x1c: Sue Barns, Los Alamos National Laboratory; 27-11x1d: Sue Barns, Los Alamos National Laboratory; 27-11x2: Frederick Atwood, Flint Hill School; 27-14: Helen E. Carr/Biological Photo Service ; 27-14x1: CORBIS ; 27-14x2: Michael Richard; 27-15: Ken Lucas/Biological Photo Service; 27-16: Dr. Tony Brain/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 27-17a: Centers for Disease Control ; 27-17b: Benjamin Cummings; 27-18: Martin Bond/The National Audubon Society Collection/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 27-19: Exon Corporation; 27-x1: Charles Brinton, Jr.; 27T-03a: L. Evans Roth/BPS ; 27T-03b: Biological Photo Service ; 27T-03c: Phototake ; 27T-03d: Alfred Pasieka/Peter Arnold, Inc. ; 27T-03e: Photo Researchers, Inc. ; 27T-03f: Moredon Animal Health/SPL/; Photo Researchers Inc.; 27T-03g: CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 27T-03h: Frederick P. Mertz, Visuals Unlimited ; 27T-03i: David M. Phillips, Visuals Unlimited ; 27T-03j: Sue Barns, Los Alamos National Laboratory ; 28-00: Thomas Eisner; 28-01a: Yuuji Tsukii, Hosei University; 28-01b: David Phillips, Visuals Unlimited; 28-01c: George Barron, University of Guelph; 28-01d: Joyce Photographics, Photo Researchers, Inc.; 28-03: Eric V. Grave, Photo Researchers, Inc.; 28-03x: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 28-09: Jerome Paulin, Visuals Unlimited; 28-10: David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; 28-11: John Mansfield, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 28-12: Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 28-12x1: JoAnn Burkholder, North Carolina State University; 28-12x2: Frank Llosa/frankly.com; 28-13: Masamichi Aikawa, Case Western Reserve University; 28-14c: M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; 28-14x1: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 28-14x2: Dorling Kindersley; 28-15x: Benjamin Cummings; 28-16: Mycena Consulting; 28-16x1: George Barron, University of Guelph; 28-16x2: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas ; 28-17a: Kent Wood/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 28-17b: Fred Rhoades/Mycena Consulting; 28-17x: Mandayam V. Parthasarathy, Cornell Integrated Microscopy Center; 28-18: Biological Photo Service; 28-20x1: CORBIS; 28-20x2: Kip Evans/NOAA; 28-21: J. R. Waaland, University of Washington/BPS; 28-22a: J. R. Waaland, University of Washington/BPS; 28-22b: D. P. Wilson/Eric & David Hosking, Photo Researchers, Inc.; 28-23a: Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 28-23ax: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 28-23b: Estate of J. Metzner/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 28-24: W. L. Dentler, University of Kansas; 28-26: Akiro Kihara, Hosei University; 28-26x1: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 28-26x2: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 28-27: Eric Grave/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 28-27x: Smithsonian Institution; 28-28: Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 28-29x1: George Barron, University of Guelph; 28-29x2: George Barron, University of Guelph; 28-30: Robert Kay, MRC Cambridge; 28-30x1: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas, Robert Kay; 28-30x1a: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 28-30x1b: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 28-30x2: Richard Blanton/ArsNatura; 28-x1: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 28-x2: George Barron, University of Guelph; 28-x3: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 29-00: CORBIS; 29-02a, Heather Angel/Natural Visions; 29-02b, Linda Graham; 29-02x, Mark Staves, Grand Valley State U.; 29-03a: Ed Reschke; 29-03b: Brian Capon; 29-04a: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 29-04b: Graham Kent; 29-07: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 29-08: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison ; 29-09a: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 29-09b: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 29-10: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 29-11: Graham Kent; 29-12: Charles Wellman/Centre for Paleontology, University of Sheffield; 29-15a: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison/Claudia Lipke; 29-15b: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison/Claudia Lipke; 29-15c: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison/Claudia Lipke; 29-15d: Laurie Campbell, NHPA; 29-15x1: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 29-15x2: Carl Taylor, Milwaukee Public Museum; 29-16x: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 29-17: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 29-18: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 29-19a: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 29-19b: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison/ Claudia Lipke; 29-19c: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 29-19x: John Shaw, Duke University; 29-20a: Chip Clark; 29-21a: Robert and Linda Mitchell; 29-21b: Michael Viard/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 29-21c: Laurie Campbell, NHPA; 29-21d: E. R. Degginger/Earth Scenes; 29-21x1: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 29-21x2: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 29-23x: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 29-24a: Glenn Oliver/Visuals Unlimited; 29-24b: E. Webber/Visuals Unlimited; 29-24c: Jack M. Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited; 29-25: The Field Museum of Natural History; 29-x1: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 30-00: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; 30-03: Graham Kent; 30-05a: ArsNatura; 30-05c: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 30-05x1: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 30-05x2: Knut Norstrog; 30-06a: Loran M. Whitelock; 30-06b: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 30-07a: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 30-07b: William Hahn; 30-07c: Doug Sokell/Visuals Unlimited; 30-08a: Stuart Westmorland/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 30-08b: National Park Service; 30-08bx: Eyewire; 30-08c: Joseph Sohm; Chromo Sohm Inc./CORBIS; 30-08d: William Mullins/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 30-08e: Walter H. Hodge/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 30-08f: J. Coke, Westvaco Corp.; 30-08g1: Jaime Plaza, Wildlight; 30-08g2: Jaime Plaza, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney ; 30-08x1: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 30-08x2: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 30-10a1: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 30-10a2: John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; 30-10a3: Visuals Unlimited ; 30-10b1: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 30-10b2: Stan W. Elems/Visuals Unlimited; 30-10b3: Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 30-10x1: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 30-10x2: Linda Graham, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 30-10x3: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 30-11b: Stephen McCabe; 30-11c: Heather Angel/Natural Visions; 30-11d: Bob & Ann Simpson/Visuals Unlimited; 30-11e: John Chellman/Earth Scenes; 30-11f: Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 30-13b: Heather Angel/Natural Visions; 30-16: CORBIS; 30-16x1: Photodisc; 30-16x2: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside ; 30-18a: D. Wilder ; 30-18b: CORBIS; 30-18c: Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International; 30-19a: Martin Miller/Visuals Unlimited; 30-19b: G. Prange/Visuals Unlimited; 30-19x: Photodisc; 30-x1: Smithsonian Institution; 30T-01: (top) Eyewire, (middle) Photodisc, (bottom) Photodisc; 31-00: the New York State Museum, Albany; 31-00x: George Barron, University of Guelph; 31-01: Fred Rhoades/Mycena Consulting; 31-02d: George Barron, University of Guelph; 31-02x: George Barron, University of Guelph; 31-05: Martha J. Powell and Peter Letcher; 31-06: Matt Meadows/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 31-07: (left) George Barron; (right) Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 31-07x1: George Barron, University of Guelph; 31-07x2: George Barron, University of Guelph; 31-08: George Barron, University of Guelph; 31-09a: George Barron, University of Guelph; 3109b: Jacana/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 31-09c: George Barron, University of Guelph; 31-09x1: Fred Rhoades/Mycena Consulting ; 31-09x2: ArsNatura; 31-10: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 31-10x1: Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas; 31-10x2: George Barron, University of Guelph; 31-11a: George Barron, University of Guelph; 31-11b: George Barron, University of Guelph; 31-11c: Tom Volk, University of Wisconsin; 31-11x1: George Barron, University of Guelph; 31-11x2: George Barron, University of Guelph; 31-11x3: George Barron, University of Guelph ; 31-11x4: George Barron, University of Guelph; 31-11x5: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 31-12: Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 31-13: Rob Simpson/Visuals Unlimited; 31-14: George Barron, University of Guelph ; 31-15: Stephen J. Kron, University of Chicago ; 31-16: Fred Rhoades/Mycena Consulting ; 31-17b: V. Ahmadijian/Visuals Unlimited ; 31-17x: George Barron, University of Guelph ; 31-18: R.L. Peterson, University of Guelph/Biological Photo Service; 31-19: R. Ronacordi/Visuals Unlimited; 31-20b: Photo Researchers; 31-20c: David Cavagnaro/Visuals Unlimited; 31-20x1: George Barron, University of Guelph ; 31-20x2: George Barron, University of Guelph; 31-21: Christine Case, Skyline College; 31-x1: George Barron, University of Guelph; 32-00: Digital Vision; 32-10: Hans Pfletschinger/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 32-11: Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited; 32-13x: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; 33-00x: Nancy Sefton/NOAA; 33-02: CORBIS; 33-04: (left) CORBIS, (right) Claudia Mills/Friday Harbor Labs; 33-06a: Andrew J. Martinez/Photo Researchers Inc.; 33-06b: NOAA; 33-06bx: Kip Evans/NOAA; 33-06c: CORBIS; 33-06cx: CORBIS; 33-06d: CORBIS; 33-06dx: Brent Deuel/NOAA; 33-07: Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service; 33-08: NOAA/National Undersea Research Program (NURP); 33-08x1: Jeff Hannigan/NOAA; 33-08x2: Shane Anderson/NOAA; 33-09: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 33-11: CDC; 33-12: Stanley Fleger/Visuals Unlimited; 33-13: W. I. Walker/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 33-14a: Colin Milkins, Oxford Scientific Films/ Animals Animals; 33-14b: Fred Bavendam/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 33-17: Photodisc; 33-18x: Photodisc; 33-19a&b: CORBIS; 33-19c: Digital Vision; 33-19d: Joyce Burek/NOAA; 33-20: H. W. Pratt/Biological Photo Service ; 33-22a, CORBIS; 33-22b: Photodisc; 33-22c: CORBIS; 33-23x: Photodisc; 33-24b: Sea Studios; 33-24c: CORBIS ; 33-24cx: James Guttuso/NOAA; 33-24d: Tony Craddock/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 33-25a: Reprinted with permission from A. Eizinger and R. Sommer, Max Planck Institut für entwicklungsbiologie, Tubingen. (c) 2000 American Association for the Advancement of Science; 33-25b: L. S. Stepanowicz/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 22-25x: ArsNatura; 33-27: Chip Clark; 33-28: Milton Tierney, Jr./Visuals Unlimited; 33-29a: Digital Vision ; 33-29b: Diana Sammatoro, Pennsylvania State University; 33-30x: Thomas Eisner; 33-31: Digital Vision; 33-32: NHPA; 33-34a: CORBIS; 33-34v-d: Photodisc; 33-35a: NOAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP); 33-35b: Joseph Feingold/Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary; 33-35c: C. R. Wyttenbach/University of Kansas/ Biological Photo Service; 33-37a: CORBIS; 33-37ax: Laura Francis/NOAA; 33-37c: CORBIS; 33-37d: Marty Snydeman ; 33-37e: CORBIS; 33-37f: NOAA; 33-x1: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 33-x2, Salp Chain: CORBIS ; 34-00: Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 34-03: Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service; 34-04b: Runk Schoenenberg/Grant Heilman; 35-05: (top) Nanjing Institute of Palaeontology and Geology, (bottom) John Sibbick; 34-08: Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 34-09a: Herve Berthoule/Jacana/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 34-09b: Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 34-11: CORBIS ; 34-12a: J. M. Labat/Jacana/Photo Researchers, Inc; 34-12b: Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures; 34-14: Richard Ellis/Photo Researchers Inc.; 34-17: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 34-17x1a&d: CORBIS; 34-17x1b: Eyewire; 34-17x1c: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 34-18: Hans Pfletschinger/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 34-22: Smithsonian Institution; 34-24a: CORBIS; 34-24ax: CORBIS; 34-24b,c,and d: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 34-24bx: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 34-24cx: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 34-25: Janice Sheldon; 34-26: Stephen J. Kraseman/DRK Photo; 34-27x: Chip Clark; 34-28: Mick Ellison; 34-29a: Aris; 34-29b: CORBIS; 34-29c: Eyewire; 34-29d: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 34-29x: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 34-31: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 34-34: Photodisc; 34-36: Photodisc; 34-37: Digital Vision; 34-37e: Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 34-39a: Cleveland Museum; 34-39b: John Reader/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 34-40: Alan Walker, (c) National Museums of Kenya; 35-00: Tropica Aquarium Plants ; 35-00x: David Cavagnaro; 35-03: Brian Capon; 35-04a: Dwight Kuhn; 35-04b: Brian Capon; 35-04c: Dwight Kuhn; 35-04d: Brian Capon; 35-06a: Brian Capon ; 35-06b: Travis Amos/ArsNatura; 35-06c: Brian Capon ; 35-06d: Brian Capon; 35-06x: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 35-08c: R. Kessel-Shih/Visuals Unlimited; 35-10: (a, b) W. P. Wergin, provided by E. H. Newcomb; (c) Photo Researchers, Inc.; 35-11a: Brian Capon; 35-11b: Graham Kent; 35-11bx: Brian Capon; 35-11c1: Brian Capon; 35-11c2: Bruce Iverson; 35-11x: Brian Capon; 35-14: Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake; 35-14x: Brian Capon; 35-15: Ed Reschke; 35-16: Brian Capon; 35-17: Ed Reschke ; 35-18: Ed Reschke; 35-19: Ed Reschke; 35-22: Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc. ; 35-22x: Brian Capon; 35-25: Elliot M. Meyerowitz, Science 254, 11 October 1991: 26, 31.1 (c) 1991 American Association for the Advancement of Science; 35-27: Susan Wick, University of Minnesota; 35-28: The orientation of plant cell expansion; 35-30: (a, b) From figure 1 in B. Scheres et al, Development 121:53-62. (c) 1995 The Company of Biologists Ltd.; (c) From figure 6c in R. Torres Ruiz and G. Jürgens, Development 120:2967-2978. (c) 1994 The Company of Biologists Ltd.; 35-31: From figure 1a in U. Mayer et al, Development 117 (1): 149-162. (c) 1993 The Company of Biologists Ltd.; 35-32: From figure 1 in D. Hareven et al, Cell 84 (5):735-744. (c) 1996 reprinted with permission of Elsevier Science; 35-33: From figure 2g in Hung et al, Plant Physiology 117:73-84. (c) 1998 Plant Physiology. Photo courtesy John Schiefelbein/University of Michigan; 35-34: Howard F. Towner, Loyola Marymount University; 35-35: Elliot M. Meyerowitz and John Bowman, Development 112 1991:1-2 31.2; 36-00x: CORBIS; 36-05 Heather Angel/Natural Visions; 36-08: Brian Capon; 36-09: Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers; 36-12: Graham Kent; 36-12x: ArsNatura; 36-14: (a) William Cupples, Courtesy of Gary Tallman, Pepperdine University; (b) From T. D. Lamb, H. R. Matthews, and V. Torre, Journal of Physiology 372 (1986):315-349.; 36-15a: John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; 36-15b: Dorling Kindersley; 36-15x: Brian Capon; 36-18: M. H. Zimmerman courtesy of Professor P. B. Tomlinson, Harvard University; 37-00: Ardea; 37-03: Brian Capon ; 37-04: Grant Heilman/Grant Heilman Photography, Inc.; 37-05: Steven C. Wilson/Entheos; 37-07: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 37-08: Kevin Horan/Stone Images ; 37-10a: Breck P. Kent/Earth Scenes ; 37-10b: E. H. Newcomb/Biological Photo Service ; 37-10x: Brian Capon; 37-12: USDA; 37-14a: Gerald van Dyke/Visuals Unlimited; 37-14b: Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake NYC; 37-15a: Brian Capon; 37-15b: Biological Photo Service ; 37-16a: CORBIS; 37-16b: CORBIS; 37-16x: Thomas Eisner; 38-00: Photodisc; 38-03a: Tom Bean/CORBIS ; 38-03ax1: Brian Capon ; 38-03ax2: CORBIS; 38-03b: CORBIS; 38-03bx1: Photodisc; 38-03bx2: Brian Capon ; 38-03c1: John Foxx Images; 38-03c2: Brian Capon; 38-03d1: CORBIS (left), D. Wilder (right); 38-03d2: Brian Capon; 38-03e: (left) D. Cavagnaro/Visuals Unlimited; (right) David Sieren/Visuals Unlimited; 38-03ex: Brian Capon; 38-03f: Ray Coleman/Photo Researchers; 38-04a: Graham Kent; 38-04b: Ed Reschke ; 38-05: David Scharf/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 38-09x: Eloise Carter; 38-12: W. H. Hodge/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 38-15a: James L. Castner; 38-15b: David Cavagnaro/DRK; 38-16: Bruce Iverson; 38-17: John C. Sanford, Cornell University; 38-18: Botanik Online/University of Hamburg; 38-19a: Smithsonian Institution; 38-19b: Photodisc ; 38-20: Steve Ferreira, University of Hawaii and Dennis Gonsalves, Cornell University, courtesy American Phytopathological Society; 39-00: Malcolm Wilkins, Glasgow University, UK; 39-01: Natalie Bronstein, New York Medical Center; 39-08: Malcolm Wilkins, Glasgow University, UK; 39-09: Tugio Sasaki, Institute for Agricultural Research, Japan; 39-10: Alan Crozier, University of Glasgow; 39-11: Fred Jensen, Kearney Agricultural Center; 39-12: Karen E. Koch; 39-14a: Kurt Stepnitz, DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University; 39-14b: Joe Kieber, University of North Carolina; 39-16: Ed Reschke; 39-17: Malcolm Wilkins, Glasgow University, UK; 39-18: Malcolm Wilkins, Glasgow University, UK; 39-21: Frank B. Salisbury, Utah State University ; 39-25: Michael Evans, Ohio State University; 39-26: Janet Braam, from Cell 60 (9 February 1990): cover. (c) 1990 by Cell Press; 37-27a&b: John Kaprielan/Photo Researchers; 39-28: J. L. Basq and M. C. Drew; 39-31a: Barbara Baker, University of California, Berkeley ; 39-x1: Travis Amos/ArsNatura; 40-00: Treat Davidson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 40-01x: Benjamin Cummings ; 40-02x: Benjamin Cummings ; 40-03: Ed Reschke ; 40-04: Benjamin Cummings; 40-05x: Benjamin Cummings; 40-06a: Amos Nachoum/CORBIS; 40-06b: CORBIS; 40-06c: CORBIS; 40-06d: Photodisc; 40-06e: Brandon D. Cole/CORBIS; 40-06f: George Hall/CORBIS; 40-11a: Robert Full, University of California ; 41-00a: Eyewire; 41-00b: Aris; 41-00c: CORBIS; 41-02: The Jackson Laboratory; 41-03: Carol Hughes/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 41-05: Roland Seitre/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 41-06: Brandon Cole; 41-07: Thomas Eisner, Cornell University; 41-08: Lennart Nilsson; 41-09: Gunter Ziesler/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 41-21a: Photodisc; 41-21b: Eyewire ; 41-x1: Benjamin Cummings ; 41-x2: (left) Dorling Kindersley, (right) Fred Spiegel; 42-00: George Bernard/Animals Animals; 42-01b: Norbert Wu/Mo Young Productions; 42-01x: Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary; 42-08x: Benjamin Cummings; 42-14x: Benjamin Cummings; 42-16x: Gillette Corp. ; 42-17a: Ed Reschke; 42-17b: W. Ober/Visuals Unlimited; 42-22: Peng Chai, University of Texas and Hong Y. Yan, University of Kentucky; 42-23: CNRI/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 42-23cx: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; 42-25: Hans Rainer Dunker, Justus Liebig University, Giessen; 42-30: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 43-00: Lennart Nilsson/Albert Bonniers Forlag AB, A CHILD IS BORN, Dell Publishing Company; 43-02: Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 43-03: Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH; 43-03x: ArsNatura; 43-08x: ArsNatura; 43-12b: Lennart Nilsson/Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH; 43-15c: A. J. Olson, The Scripps Research Institute ; 43-19: Lennart Nilsson/ Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH; 43-19x: CDC ; 43-x1: Molecular Probes; 43-x2: National Archives; 43-x3: George Barron, University of Guelph; 43-x4: CDC; 43-x5: ArsNatura; 44-00: Photodisc; 44-03x: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 44-05a: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside ; 44-05b: CORBIS; 44-06x: Benjamin Cummings; 44-07x: Aris; 44-08b: Chris Fallows/Apexpredators; 44-11b: John Gerlach/Visuals Unlimited; 44-15: John Crowe, University of California; 44-16b: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside ; 44-x1: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 45-00: Photodisc; 45-x1: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 46-00: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 46-00x1: Thomas Eisner ; 46-00x2: Thomas Eisner; 46-01: David Wrobe/Monterey Bay Aquarium ; 46-02a: David Crews, photo by P. de Vries; 46-03: Stephan Myers; 46-04: Dwight Kuhn; 46-05: William Ferguson; 46-09x: Benjamin Cummings; 46-10: C. Edelman/La Villette/Photo Researchers, Inc. ; 46-18: Lennart Nilsson/Albert Bonniers Vorlag AB; 46-22: Photodisc; 46-x1: Thomas Eisner; 46-x2: William J. Lennarz, University of Illinois; 47-00: Lennart Nilsson/Albert Bonniers Vorlag AB; 47-01: Historical Collections, College of Physicans, Philadelphia ; 47-03: from J. C. Rilkey, L. F. Jaffe, E. B. Ridgeway, and G. T. Reynolds, Journal of Cell Biology 76 (1978):448-466, 1978; 47-06: George Watchmaker; 47-06x: Christopher Killian, U.C. Berkeley; 47-08x: ArsNatura; 47-09: Charles A Ettensohn, Carnegie Mellon University; 47-11: (a) CABISCO/Visuals Unlimited; (c) Thomas Poole, SUNY Health Science Center 47-11c: Thomas Poole, SUNY Health Science Center; 47-18a: from Dr. Jean Paul Thiery The Journal of Cell Biology 96(1983):462-473 by copyright permission of the Rockefeller University Press; 47-18b: Richard Hynes, from Scientific American, June 1986; 47-18c: Richard Hynes, from Scientific American, June 1986; 47-19: Janet Heasman, University of Minnesota; 47-20b: from Hiroki Nishida, Dev. Biol. 121 (1987):526. Reprinted by permission of Academic Press.; 47-23: Kathryn Tosney, University of Michigan; 47-24: Dennis Summerbell; 48-00x1: from Optical recording of the electrical activity of synaptically interacting Aplysia neurons in culture using potentiometric probes. T. D. Parsons, D. Kleinfeld, F. Raccuia-Behling, and B. M. Salzberg, Biophysical Journal, July 1989, vol. 56. ; 48-00x2: Elke Stein and Marc Tessier-Levigne, University of California, San Francisco; 48-02: Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 48-02x: Benjamin Cummings; 48-06b: W. F. Gilly, Hopkins Station of Stanford University; 48-13b: E. R. Lewis ; 48-16x: Benjamin Cummings; 48-20x1: ArsNatura; 48-20x2: Benjamin Cummings; 48-20x3: Benjamin Cummings; 48-22a: Photodisc; 48-23a: W. F. Gilly, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University; 48-26: Marcus Raichle, MD, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; 48-x1: NIH ; 49-00: Stephen Dalton/NHPA; 49-05: R. A. Steinbrecht, Max Planck Institute ; 49-06a: CORBIS; 49-06b: Russ Kinne/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 49-06x: Eyewire ; 49-08a: Thomas Eisner; 49-08x1: Smithsonian Institution; 49-08x2: Thomas Eisner; 49-15x: ArsNatura; 49-22: from Richard Elzinga, Fundamentals of Entomology, 3rd ed. (c)1987, p. 185. Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.; 49-23b: Mandayam V. Parthasarathy, Cornell Integrated Microscopy Center; 49-26: Eyewire; 49-29a: CORBIS; 49-29b: Digital Vision; 49-29c: Digital Vision; 49-29d: CORBIS; 49-31: Clara Franzini-Armstrong, University of Pennsylvania; 49-31x1: Benjamin Cummings; 49-31x2: Nancy Kedersda; 49-32: H. E. Huxley; 49-38x: Benjamin Cummings; 49-x1, Photodisc; 49-x2, Photodisc; 49-x3: CORBIS; 49-x4: CORBIS; 49-x5: CORBIS; 50-00: NASA; 50-00x: NASA; 50-01: Photodisc; 50-02a: CORBIS; 50-02c: CORBIS; 50-02d: Digital Vision; 50-08: Scott Camazine/The National Audubon Society Collection/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 50-16: L. Roberts. "How fast can trees migrate?" Science, Vol. 243, fig. 2, p. 736. Copyright 1989 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Reprinted with permission.; 50-03: Erich Hartmann/Magnum Photos; 50-19a: CORBIS; 50-19b: Photodisc; 50-19c: Williams H. Mullins/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 50-21a: Steve Solum/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 50-21b: M. E. Warren/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 50-23a: Stuart Westmoreland/ CORBIS ; 50-23b: Digital Vision; 50-23c: Dudley Foster, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; 50-23x: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; 50-25a: Photodisc; 50-25b: S. R. Maglione/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 50-25bx: Aris ; 50-25c1: Photodisc; 50-25c2 & 3: Travis Amos/ArsNatura; 50-25d: Travis Amos/ArsNatura; 50-25dx: Travis Amos/ArsNatura; 50-25e: Photodisc; 50-25f: Eyewire ; 50-25g1: Photodisc; 50-25g2: Eyewire ; 50-25g3: CORBIS; 50-25h: CORBIS; 51-00: Tom Vezo; 51-04: G. Kriska, G. Horvath, S. Andrikovics, The Journal of Experimental Biology 201, 2273-2286 (1998). "Why do Mayflies lay their eggs en masse on dry asphalt roads? Water-imitating polarized light relected from asphalt attracts ephemeroptera."; 51-08a: Richard Wrangham, Harvard University; 51-08b: Alissa Crandell/CORBIS; 51-09: Thomas McAvoy, Life Magazine (c) Time Inc.; 51-09x: Photodisc; 51-10: (top) Joe MacDonald/CORBIS; (bottom) Dorling Kindersley; 51-11: Harry Engels/Animals Animals; 51-12: CORBIS; 51-13: Bernd Heinrich, University of Vermont; 51-13x: Digital Vision; 51-14a: Elizabeth A. Capaldi; 51-15x: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 51-17: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 51-18: (top) Bruce Davidson/Animals Animals; (bottom) G. R. Higbee/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 51-19: Visuals Unlimited ; 51-20: Frans B. M. De Waal; 51-21: Doug Wechsler/Animals Animals; 51-22: (a) Jonathan Scott/Seaphot Ltd./Planet Earth Pictures; (b) Michael Dick/Animals Animals; 51-24: Phil Savoie; 51-25: David White, Ocean Engineering Division, Southhampton Oceanography Centre, UK; 51-26: Robert Vander Meer, University of Florida; 51-27: Kenneth Lorenzen, UC Davis; 51-28: Stephen Kraseman/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 51-29: (a) Jennifer Jarvis, University of Cape Town; (b) Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 51-32: Ivan Polunin/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; 51-x1: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 51-x2: CORBIS ; 52-00: Eckart Pott/NHPA; 52-00x: Photodisc; 52-01: A.R.E. Sinclair; 52-02a: CORBIS; 52-02ax: (TL, TR, & BL) CORBIS, (BR) Photodisc; 52-02b: Photodisc; 52-02bx: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 52-02c: ArsNatura; 52-02cx: CORBIS; 52-04: Photodisc; 52-07a: ArsNatura; 52-07b: Max and Bea Hunn/Visuals Unlimited; 52-19a: Eyewire ; 53-00: Richard D. Estes/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 53-02: Heather Angel/Natural Visions; 53-03b: Joseph T. Collins/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 53-03c: Kevin de Queiroz, National Museum of Natural History; 53-05: Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside; 53-06: Eyewire ; 53-07a: Lincoln Brower, Sweet Briar College; 53-07b: Peter J. Mayne; 53-08a: Edward S. Ross; 53-08b: Runk/Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography, Inc.; 53-09: Robert and Linda Mitchell; 53-11: Kevin de Queiroz, NMNH; 53-12: D. L. Breitburg, T. Loher, C. A. Pacey, and A. Gerstein. "Varying effects of low dissolved oxygen on trophic interactions in an estuarine food web." Ecological Monographs, vol. 67, p. 490. Copyright (c) 1997 Ecological Society of America. Reprinted with permission; 53-14a: Karen Oberhauser ; 53-15: J. A. Lubena and S. A. Levin. "The spread of a reinvading species: Expansion of the California sea otter." American Naturalist, vol. 131, fig. 1, p. 529, fig. 2, p. 535. Copyright (c) 1988 The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Reprinted with permission; 53-16: Frank Gilliam, Marshall University ; 53-17b: Paul A. Souders/CORBIS; 53-18a: Grant Heilman/Grant Heilman Photography; 53-18b: Jeff Foot/Tom Stack & Associates; 53-18x1: USGS; 53-18x2: USDA; 53-19: Tom Bean ; 53-20: Tom Bean ; 53-x1: John L. Tveten; 53-x2: R. G. Lalonde, Okanagan University College ; 53-x3: CORBIS; 53-x4: Eyewire; 53-x5: Paul Hertz; 54-00: E. R. Degginger/Color Pic, Inc.; 54-02: Gregory G. Dimijian/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 54-04: C. B. Field, M. J. Behrenfeld, J. T. Randerson, and P. Falkowski. 1998. "Primary production of the bio-sphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components." Science 281:237-240; 54-07: Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada; 54-08: with permission from D. W. Schindler, Science 184 (1974):897, figure 1.49. (c) 1974 American Association for the Advancement of Science; 54-21a: John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; 54-21b: the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture; 54-22: Robert Estall/ CORBIS; 54-27a: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center; 55-00: Juan Manual Renjifo/Earth Scenes; 55-00x: National Park Service; 55-02a: Daniel Heuclin/NHPA; 55-02b: Mark Carwardine/Still Pictures/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 55-03: Richard Shiell/Animals Animals; 55-04: Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; 55-05: Gary Braasch/Woodfin Camp & Associates; 55-06a: Gary Kramer; 55-06b: Michael Fogden/Animals Animals ; 55-06e: Marc Dantzker; 55-06f: Rachel Woodfield, Merkel & Associates; 55-06x: J. Lubner/Wisconsin Sea Grant ; 55-08: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia/CORBIS ; 55-09: Richard Vogel/Gamma Liaison; 55-13: F & J. Craighead; 55-14: (a) Rob Curtis/The Early Birder; (b) Raymond K. Gehman/National Geographic Society Image Collection; (c) Blanche Haning/The Lamplighter; 55-15a: David Hosking/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 55-15b: James P. Blair/National Geographic Image Collection; 55-16: Florida Department of Transportation; 55-20: Reed Brown; 55-22: Ariel Lugo/USDA/Forest Service, photo by Jesus Ayala O'Neill; 55-23a: Jean Clottes/CORBIS/Sygma; 55-23b: Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; ; Campbell Image Presentation Library Art Credits:; ; Contributing artists to this and previous editions: Nea Bisek, Chris Carothers, Russell Chun, Rachel Ciemma, Barbara Cousins, Pamela Drury-Wattenmaker, Caitlin Duckwall, Cecile Duray-Bito, Janet Hayes, Darwen Hennings, Vally Hennings, Georg Klatt, Sandra McMahon, Linda McVay, Kenneth Miller, Fran Milner, Elizabeth Morales-Denney, Jackie Osborn, Carla Simmons, Carol Verbeeck, John Waller, Judy Waller, and the artists of Precision Graphics.; The following figures are adapted from Christopher K. Mathews and K. E. van Holde, Biochemistry, 2nd ed., Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, © 1996 The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.: 4.5, 9.9, 10.11, 17.15, 19.10.; The following figures are adapted from Wayne M. Becker, Jane B. Reece, and Martin F. Poenie, The World of the Cell, 3rd ed., Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, © 1996 The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.: 4.6, Table 7.2, 7.5, 8.7, 11.7, 11.12, 12.12, 16.13, 16.16, 17.9, 19.5, 19.15, 20.7.; The following figures are adapted from Elaine N. Marieb, Human Anatomy and Physiology, 5th ed., San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings, © 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.: 7.7, 7.11, 7.22, 49.13.; The following figures are adapted from Elaine N. Marieb, Human Anatomy and Physiology, 4th ed., Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, © 1998 Benjamin/Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.: 46.17, 48.2(a), 48.5, 48.9, 48.16, 48.18, 48.22, 48.25, 49.24, 49.27, 49.32.; 3.8 Adapted from a figure by Michael Pique, The Scripps Research Institute.; 4.7 Adapted from an illustration by Clark Still, Columbia University.; 5.12 Adapted from Robert Wallace, Gerald P. Sanders, and Robert J. Ferl. 1991. Biology: The Science of Life, 3rd ed. New York: HarperCollins. © 1991 HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers; 5.17, 5.20 Adapted from D. W. Heinz, W. A. Baase, F. W. Dahlquist, B. W. Matthews. 1993. How amino-acid insertions are allowed in an alpha-helix of T4 lysozyme. Nature 361:561; 5.23(b) © Irving Geis.; 6.1 (inset) Adapted from Bruce Alberts et al. 1989. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed. New York: Garland Publishing. © 1989 Garland Publishing Inc. Reprinted by permission.; 9.5 Adapted from Bruce Alberts et al. 1989. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed., Fig. 7.17, p. 351. New York: Garland Publishing. © 1989 Garland Publishing. Reprinted by permission.; 10.13 Adapted from Richard and David Walker. Energy, Plants and Man, Fig. 4.1, p. 69. Sheffield: University of Sheffield. © David and Richard Walker. Reprinted by permission.; 12.11 Adapted from Bruce Alberts et al. 1989. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed., Fig. 13.75. New York: Garland Publishing. © 1989 Garland Publishing. Reprinted by permission.; 17.11 Adapted from L. J. Kleinsmith and V. M. Kish. 1995. Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed. New York, NY: HarperCollins. Reprinted by permission of Addison Wesley Educational Publishers.; Chapter 18 opening illustration Adapted from James D. Watson et al. 1987. Molecular Biology of the Gene, 4th ed., Fig. 7.10. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. © 1987 James D. Watson.; 19.3 (inset) © Irving Geis; 21.4 Adapted from Bruce Alberts et al. 1989. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed., Fig. 16.32, p. 904. New York: Garland Publishing. © 1989 Garland Publishing. Reprinted by permission; 21.15 Adapted from an illustration by William McGinnis; 21.20 (upper right illustration only) Adapted from E. Dennis et al. 1993. Manipulating floral identity. Current Biology 3:90–93. Reprinted by permission.; 22.13 Adapted from R. Shurman et al. 1995. Journal of Infectious Diseases 171:1411; 22.16 Adapted from H. L. Carson. 1983. Genetics 103:465–482.; 23.10 Adapted from A. C. Allison. 1961. Abnormal hemoglobin and erythrocyte enzyme-deficiency traits. In Genetic Variation in Human Populations, ed. G. A. Harrison. Oxford: Elsevier Science; 23.11 Adapted from Curtis M. Lively and Mark F. Dybdahl. 2000. Parasite adaptation to locally common host genotypes. Nature 405:679–680.; 24.9 Adapted from D. Futuyma. 1998. Evolutionary Biology, 3rd ed., p. 445. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates; 24.12 Adapted from D. M. B. Dodd. Evolution 11:1308–1311; 24.18 Adapted from M. Strickberger. 1990. Evolution. Boston: Jones & Bartlett; 24.20 Adapted from L. Wolpert. 1998. Principles of Development. Oxford University Press; 24.22 Adapted from M. I. Coates. 1995. Current Biology 5:844–848.; 25.2 Adapted from D. Futuyma. 1998. Evolutionary Biology, 3rd ed., p. 128. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates; 25.5 Data from M. J. Benton. 1995. Diversification and extinction in the history of life. Science 268:55; 25.17 Adapted from B. Korber et al. June 9, 2000. Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains. Science 288:1789–1796.; 26.2 Adapted from David J. Des Marais. September 8, 2000. When did photosynthesis emerge on Earth? Science 289:1703–1705; 26.8 Data from Andrew H. Knoll and Sean B. Carroll. June 25, 1999. Science 284:2129–2137.; 27.7 Adapted from Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, and Christine L. Case. 1998. Microbiology: An Introduction, 6th ed. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. © 1998 Benjamin/Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.; 28.7 Adapted from W. F. Doolittle. Feb. 2000. Uprooting the tree of life. Scientific American, p. 95; 28.25 Adapted from C. F. Delwiche. Oct. 1999. The American Naturalist 154:5167 (Supplement). ; 29.22 Adapted from Raven et al. Biology of Plants, 6th ed., Fig. 19.7.; 32.12 Adapted from Adouette et al. April 25, 2000. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, p. 4454; 32.14 Adapted from Science, April 15, 1998, p. 392.; 33.36 Adapted from G. K. Davis and N. H. Patel. December 1999. The origin and evolution of segmentation. TCB/TIBS/TIG Joint Millennium Issue.; 34.15 Adapted from C. Zimmer. At the Water's Edge. Free Press, p. 99; 34.16 Adapted from C. Zimmer. At the Water's Edge. Free Press, p. 90; 34.23 © Donna Braginetz; 34.30 Adapted from Stephen J. Gould et al. The Book of Life. London: Ebury Press, p. 96. Reprinted by permission of Random House UK Ltd.; 34.38 Drawn from photos of fossils: O. tugenensis photo in Michael Balter, Early hominid sows division, ScienceNow, Feb. 22, 2001, © 2001 American Association for the Advancement of Science. A. ramidus kadabba photo by Timothy White, 1999/Brill Atlanta. A. anamensis, A. garhi, and H. neanderthalensis adapted from The Human Evolution Coloring Book. K. platyops drawn from photo in Meave Leakey et al., New hominid genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages, Nature, March 22, 2001, 410:433. A. boisei drawn from a photo by David Brill. H. ergaster drawn from a photo at www.inhandmuseum.com; 34.41 Adapted from an illustration by Laurie Grace in A. C. Wilson and R. I. Cann. 1992. The recent African genesis of humans. Scientific American 73.; 35.25 Pie chart adapted from Nature, Dec. 14, 2000, 408:799.; 39.13 Adapted from T. C. Moore. 1984. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones, 2nd ed., Fig. 6.13. Springer Verlag; 39.17 (a), 39.18 Adapted from M. Wilkins. 1988. Plant Watching. Facts on File Publ.; 39.29 Adapted with permission from Edward Farmer. 1997. Science 276:912. Copyright © 1997 American Association for the Advancement of Science.; 43.14, 43.15 Adapted from Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, and Christine L. Case. 1998. Microbiology: An Introduction, 6th ed. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/ Cummings. © 1998 Benjamin/Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.; 43.17 Adapted from Lennart Nilsson and Jan Lindberg. 1987. The Body Victorious, p. 27. New York: Delacorte Press. Illustration by Urban Frank, Studio Frank and Co., Illustrator.; 44.4 Adapted from P. T. Marshall and G. M. Hughes. 1980. Physiology of Mammals and Other Vertebrates, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted with the permission of Cambridge University Press; 44.9 (a) Adapted from B. Heinrich. 1974. Science 185:747–756. © 1974 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Reprinted with permission; 44.9 (b) Adapted from an illustration by Enid Kotschnig in B. Heinrich. 1987. Thermoregulation in a winter moth. Scientific American 105; 44.13 Adapted from Lawrence G. Mitchell, John A. Mutchmor, and Warren D. Dolphin. 1988. Zoology. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. © 1988 The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company; 44.16 (b) Kangaroo rat data from Schmidt-Nielsen. 1990. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment, 4th ed., p. 339. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.; 45.4 Adapted from Bruce Alberts et al. 1989. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed., Fig. 15.9. New York: Garland Publishing. © 1989 Garland Publishing. Reprinted by permission; 45.11 Adapted from Gilbert. Developmental Biology, 4th ed., Fig. 7.39, p. 282. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Reprinted by permission.; 47.17 From Wolpert et al. 1988. Principles of Development, Fig. 8.25, p. 251 right. Oxford: Oxford University Press. By permission of Oxford University Press; 47.20 Adapted from Bruce Alberts et al. 1989. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed., Fig. 16.29a, p. 904. New York: Garland Publishing. © 1989 Garland Publishing. Reprinted by permission; 47.22 (left) From Wolpert et al. 1988. Principles of Development, Fig. 1.10 (right). Oxford: Oxford University Press. By permission of Oxford University Press. (right) Adapted from Gilbert. 1997. Developmental Biology, 5th Ed., part of Fig. 15.12, p. 604. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc. © 1997 Sinauer Associates. Reprinted by permission.; 48.9 Adapted from G. Matthews. 1986. Cellular Physiology of Nerve and Muscle. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Science, Inc.; 48.20 Adapted from Alfred Sherwood Romer and Thomas S. Parsons. 1986. The Vertebrate Body, 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. © 1986 by Saunders College Publishing. Reproduced by permission; 48.28 Adapted from John G. Nicholls et al. 2001. From Neuron to Brain, 4th ed., Fig. 23.24. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc. © 2001 Sinauer Associates.; 49.2 (right) Adapted from Scientific American, March 2001, p. 36; 49.30 Adapted from Lawrence G. Mitchell, John A. Mutchmor, and Warren D. Dolphin. 1988. Zoology. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. © 1988 The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company.; 50.1 Adapted from G. Caughly, N. Shepherd, and J. Short. 1987. Kangaroos: Their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia, Fig. 1.2, p. 12. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Copyright © 1987 Cambridge University Press; 50.6 Adapted from Charles J. Krebs. 2001. Ecology, 5th Ed., Fig. 3.2. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings. © 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.; 50.7 Adapted from Charles J. Krebs. 2001. Ecology, 5th Ed., Fig. 3.1. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings. Data provided by O. R. Taylor in personal communication to Krebs. © 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.; 50.8 Adapted from the National Zebra Mussel Information Clearinghouse, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce; 50.9 Data from W. J. Fletcher. 1987. Interactions among subtidal Australian sea urchins, gastropods and algae: effects of experimental removals. Ecological Monographs 57:89–109; 50.16 Adapted from L. Roberts. 1989. How fast can trees migrate? Science 243:736, Fig. 2. © 1989 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; 50.26 Adapted from R. T. T. Forman. 1964. Growth under controlled conditions to explain the hierarchical distributions of a moss, Tetraphis pellucida. Ecological Monographs 34:1–25; 50.27 (a) Data from S. Anderson. 1985. The theory of range-size (RS) distributions. American Museum Novitates 2833:1–20; (b) Data from K. J. Gaston and J. L. Curnutt. The dynamics of abundance–range size relationships. Oikos 81:38–44.; 51.2 Adapted from Lawrence G. Mitchell, John A. Mutchmor, and Warren D. Dolphin 1988. Zoology. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. © 1988 The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company; 51.3 Adapted from N. Tinbergen. 1951. The Study of Instinct. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 51.5 Courtesy of Masakazu Konishi; 51.14 (b) Adapted from Elizabeth A. Capaldi et al. February 2000. Ontogeny of orientation flight in the honeybee revealed by harmonic radar. Nature 403. ; 52.5 Adapted from T. H. Clutton-Brock, F. E. Guiness, and S. D. Albon. Red Deer: Behavior and Ecology of Two Sexes, p. 77. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. © University of Chicago Press; 52.9 Data from Canadian Wildlife Service, 2001; J. R. Cannon, 1996, Whooping crane recovery: a case study in public and private cooperation in the conservation of endangered species, Conservation Biology 10:813–821; C. S. Binkley and R. S. Miller, 1983, Population characteristics of the whooping crane, Grus americana, Canadian Journal of Zoology 61:2768–2776; 52.12 (c) Data courtesy of P. Arcese and J. N. M. Smith, 2001; 52.13 Adapted from J. T. Enright. 1976. Climate and population regulation: the biogeographer's dilemma. Oecologia 24:295–310; 52.14 (b) Data from J. N. M. Smith and P. Arcese; 52.16 Data from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001; 52.17 Data courtesy of Rolf O. Peterson, Michigan Technological University, 2001; 52.18 Data from Higgins et al. May 30, 1997. Stochastic dynamics and deterministic skeletons: population behavior of Dungeness crab. Science; 52.21 Data from Population Reference Bureau, 2000; 52.22 Adapted from J. A. J. McFalls. 1998. Population: a lively introduction. Population Bulletin 53; 52.23 Data from J. Wackernagel et al. 1999. National natural capital accounting with the ecological footprint concept. Ecological Economics 29:375–390.; 53.3 (a) A. S. Rand and E. E. Williams. 1969. The anoles of La Palma: aspects of their ecological relationships. Breviora 327. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. © Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College; 53.11 Adapted from E. A. Knox. 1970. Antarctic marine ecosystems. In Antarctic Ecology, ed. M. W. Holdgate, 69–96. London: Academic Press; 53.12 Adapted from D. L. Breitburg et al. 1997. Varying effects of low dissolved oxygen on trophic interactions in an estuarine food web. Ecological Monographs 67:490. Copyright © 1997 Ecological Society of America; 53.13 Adapted from B. Jenkins. 1992. Productivity, disturbance and food web structure at a local spatial scale in experimental container habitats. Oikos 65:252. Copyright © 1992 Oikos, Sweden; 53.15 Adapted from J. A. Estes et al. 1998. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Science 282:474. Copyright © 1998 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; 53.17 Graphs adapted from J. H. Connell et al. 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SEA HORSES © National Geographic; PARAMECIUM VACUOLE © Henry Mainwaring, Western Carolina University; PARAMECIUM CILIA Courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING © Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; PLASMOLYZING ELODEA © Henry Mainwaring, Western Carolina University; TURGID ELODEA © Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; ANIMAL MITOSIS © Conly L. Rieder, NY State Department of Health; HYDRA BUDDING Courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; SCIENTISTS WORKING Courtesy of Genencor International, Inc.; C. elegans CRAWLING © Robert P. Goldstein, UNC Chapel Hill; TIME-LAPSE OF C. elegans EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT © Robert P. Goldstein, UNC Chapel Hill; THE GRAND CANYON Courtesy of USGS; GALAPAGOS ISLANDS OVERVIEW, THE MARINE IGUANA, THE GALAPAGOS SEA LION, DOME-BACKED TORTOISE © Richard Benz, Wyckliffe School; LAVA FLOW Courtesy of USGS; VOLCANIC ERUPTION Courtesy of USGS; HYDROTHERMAL VENT © National Geographic; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM SWIMMING © Robert Macnab, Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale University; OSCILLATORIA © Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; AMOEBA Courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; EUGLENA, EUGLENA MOTION © Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; DINOFLAGELLATE, VORTICELLA CILIA Courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; VORTICELLA DETAIL and VORTICELLA HABITAT Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; STENTOR Courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College (28-14a-Stentor2) and Mike Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison (28-14a-Stentor); SAPROLEGNIA OOGONIUM and SAPROLEGNIA ZOOSPORE RELEASE, DIATOMS MOVING, VARIOS DIATOMS, VOLVOX COLONY, VOLVOX DAUGHTER, VOLVOX FLAGELLA, and CHLAMYDOMONA Courtesy Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; AMOEBA PSEUDOPODIA Henry Mainwaring, Western Carolina University; PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLD STREAMING and PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLD courtesy Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; FLOWER BLOOMING TIME-LAPSE © National Geographic; TIME LAPSE OF FLOWERING PLANT LIFE CYCLE and BEE POLLINATING courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; BAT POLLINATING AGAVE PLANT courtesy Katharine Hinman, SUNY Stony Brook, Department of Ecology and Evolution; PHLYCTOCHYTRIUM ZOOSPORE RELEASE and ALLOMYCES ZOOSPORE RELEASE Henry Mainwaring, Western Carolina University; TIME-LAPSE OF HYDRA EATING WATER FLEA courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; HYDRA RELEASING SPERM courtesy of Kerry Thompson; JELLY SWIMMING and THIMBLEJELLIES © National Geographic; ROTIFER © Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin, Madison; NUDIBRANCHS © National Geographic; EARTHWORM LOCOMOTION and CLOSE UP OF LOBSTER MOUTH PARTS courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; BUTTERFLY EMERGING © National Geographic; ECHINODERM TUBE FEET courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; MANTA RAY, FLAPPING GEESE , SOARING HAWK , and SWANS TAKING FLIGHT © National Geographic; BAT LICKING NECTAR © Katharine Hinman, SUNY Stony Brook, Department of Ecology and Evolution; GIBBONS BRACHIATING © National Geographic; TIME-LAPSE ROOT GROWTH IN A RADISH SEED courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; SUN DEW TRAPPING PREY © National Geographic; PHOTOTROPISM, GRAVITROPISM, and MIMOSA LEAF courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; WHALE EATING A SEAL © National Geographic; T CELL RECEPTORS © Dr. Matthew Krummel, UCSF, Department of Pathology; HUMAN FETUS ULTRASOUND courtesy of Graham R. Kent and Rebecca L. Turner, Smith College; ULTRSOUND OF FETUS 2 courtesy of Mike and Charlie McCullough; SEA URCHIN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Rachel Fink, editor, "A Dozen Eggs", Society for Developmental Biology; FROG EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT Ray Keller and John Shih, University of California, Berkeley, sponsored by the Society for Developmental Biology; CORAL REEF FISH, TUBEWORMS, DUCKLINGS, CHIMP CRACKING NUT, CHIMP AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR, SNAKE RITUAL WRESTLING and WOLVES AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR © National Geographic; THE WAVED ALBATROSS and BLUE-FOOTED BOOBIES Richard Benz, Wyckliffe School; GIRAFFE COURTSHIP and CLOWNFISH AND ANEMONE © National Geographic.
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